Research methods

Research is a systematic process of enquiry and investigation designed to increase knowledge, solve practical problems, and provide evidence for decision-making. It is typically methodical, ethical, and structured, ensuring that findings are reliable, valid, and can be used to inform future actions.

Types of research

Research can generally be broken down into four broad types:

1. Exploratory research

• Conducted when there are few or no previous studies on a topic.
• Its purpose is to identify patterns, generate hypotheses, or develop ideas for further research.
• Common techniques include case studies, observation, interviews, and desk research.

2. Descriptive research

• Focuses on identifying and classifying characteristics or elements of the subject being studied.
• Typically quantitative, it collects data to measure scale, frequency, or trends.
• Example: Measuring the number of days lost due to industrial action.

3. Analytical research

• Builds on descriptive research to understand why or how something occurs.
• Investigates relationships between variables to identify causes or contributing factors.
• Example: Examining the underlying causes of industrial action.

4. Predictive research

• Uses existing evidence to forecast future outcomes or events.
• Relies on analysis of cause and effect to make informed predictions.
• Example: Predicting when and where future industrial action may take place.

Research approaches

Research can also be classified by approach, depending on purpose and methodology:

Quantitative research

• Focused on numerical data, measuring scale, range, and frequency of phenomena.
• Structured and detailed; results can be statistically analysed and visualised.

Qualitative research

• Examines subjective, intangible elements such as attitudes, perceptions, and values.
• Less structured, more interpretive, and requires experience to analyse effectively.

Basic vs. applied research

• Basic research seeks to increase knowledge without immediate practical application.
• Applied research is designed to solve a specific problem or inform a particular situation.

Deductive vs. inductive research

• Deductive research moves from general theories to specific instances, testing hypotheses.
• Inductive research moves from specific observations to broader generalisations or theories, generating new insights.

By combining these types and approaches, researchers can design studies that are both robust and relevant, delivering insights that are actionable and reliable.

DJS Research use a full range of research methods in conducting market research projects.